A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens.
Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country's legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country's constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments. A bill of rights that is not entrenched is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will.
In practice, not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights.
Video Bill of rights
History
The history of legal charters asserting certain rights for particular groups goes back to the Middle Ages. An example is Magna Carta, an English legal charter agreed between the King and his barons in 1215. In the early modern period, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta. English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights. The Petition of Right 1628, the Declaration of Right, 1689 and the Bill of Rights 1689 established certain rights in statute.
In America, the English Bill of Rights was one of the influences on the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, which in turn influenced the United States Declaration of Independence later that year.
Inspired by the Age of Enlightenment, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen asserted the universality of rights. It was adopted in 1789 by France's National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution.
After the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791.
The 20th century saw different groups draw on these earlier documents for influence when drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Exceptions in Western democracies
The constitution of the United Kingdom remains uncodified, however the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states. In 1973, Federal Attorney-General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed. In 1984, Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the House of Representatives, but failed to pass the Senate. Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats. Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act. However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere.
Maps Bill of rights
List of bills of rights
General
- Magna Carta (1215; England) rights for barons
- Great Charter of Ireland (1216; Ireland) rights for barons
- Golden Bull of 1222 (1222; Hungary) rights for nobles
- Statute of Kalisz (1264; Kingdom of Poland) Jewish residents' rights
- Charter of Kortenberg (1312; Belgium) rights for all citizens "rich and poor"
- Du?an's Code (1349; Serbia)
- Twelve Articles (1525; Germany)
- Pacta conventa (1573; Poland)
- Henrician Articles (1573; Poland)
- Petition of Right (1628; England)
- Bill of Rights 1689 (England) and Claim of Right Act 1689 (Scotland) This applied to all British Colonies of the time, and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931
- Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776)
- Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
- Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (July 1776)
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789; France)
- Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution (completed in 1789, ratified in 1791)
- Declaration of the Rights of the People (1811; Venezuela)
- Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut (1818)
- Constitution of Greece (1822; Epidaurus)
- Hatt-? Hümayun (1856; Ottoman Empire)
- Article I of the Constitution of Texas (1875)
- Basic rights and liberties in Finland (1919)
- Articles 13-28 of the Constitution of Italy (1947)
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948, United Nations)
- Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People's Republic of China (1949)
- European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
- Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens (1950)
- Implied Bill of Rights (a theory in Canadian constitutional law)
- Canadian Bill of Rights (1960)
- International Bill of Human Rights (1976)
- Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (1976)
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
- Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines (1987)
- Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil (1988)
- New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990)
- Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic (1991)
- Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (1991)
- Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa (entitled "Bill of Rights") (1996)
- Human Rights Act 1998 (United Kingdom)
- Human Rights Act 2004 (Australian Capital Territory)
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2005)
- Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (2006; Australian state of Victoria)
- Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013)
Specifically targeted documents
- Consumer Bill of Rights
- Homeless Bill of Rights
- Taxpayer Bill of Rights
- Academic Bill of Rights,
- Veterans' Bill of Rights
- G.I. Bill of Rights, better known as the G.I. Bill
- Homosexual Bill of Rights, drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations
- Library Bill of Rights, published by the American Library Association
- Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21
- Gamer's Bill of Rights, for video gamers
- Creator's Bill of Rights, comic writers and artists
- Donor's Bill of Rights, for philanthropic donors
- Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights
- California Voter Bill of Rights, adaptation of the Voting Rights Act
- Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque
- New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act
- Credit Cardholders' Bill of Rights, contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009
- Passengers' Bill of Rights
- Clone Bill of Rights, promoted by Randy Wicker's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning
See also
- Proposed British Bill of Rights
- Inalienable rights
- International human rights instruments
- Natural rights
- Rule of law
- Second Bill of Rights
References
Source of article : Wikipedia
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